GLOSSARY
BABA YAGA—An old witch who appears in many Russian fairy tales. She rides around on a mortar, steering with a pestle and sweeping her tracks away with a broom of birch. She lives in a hut that spins round and round on chicken legs.
BANNIK—“Bathhouse dweller,” the bathhouse guardian in Russian folklore.
BATYUSHKA—Literally, “little father,” used as a respectful mode of address for Orthodox ecclesiastics.
BOGATYR—A legendary Slavic warrior, something like a Western European knight-errant.
BOYAR—A member of the Kievan or, later, the Muscovite aristocracy, second in rank only to a knyaz, or prince.
BUYAN—A mysterious island in the ocean, credited in Slavic mythology with the ability to appear and disappear. It figures in several Russian folktales.
BYZANTINE CROSS—Also called the patriarchal cross, this cross has a smaller crosspiece above the main crossbar, and sometimes a slanted crossbar near the foot.
CHUDOVO—A fictional town on the bank of the upper Volga. Its name is derived from the Russian word chudo, miracle. There are several towns called Chudovo today in Russia.
CHYERTI （SINGULAR: CHYERT）—Devils. In this case a collective noun meaning the various spirits of Russian folklore.
DOMOVOI—In Russian folklore, the guardian of the household, the household-spirit.
DVOR—Yard, or dooryard.
DVOROVOI—The dooryard guardian of Russian folklore.
ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH—The supreme head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, based in Constantinople （modern Istanbul）。
GAMAYUN—A character in Russian folklore that speaks prophecy, generally depicted as a bird with a woman’s head.
GOLDEN HORDE—A Mongol khanate founded by Batu Khan in the twelfth century. It adopted Islam in the early fourteenth century, and at its peak ruled a large swath of what is now Eastern Europe, including Muscovy.
GOSPODIN—Form of respectful address to a male, more formal than the English “mister.” Might be translated as “lord.”
GOSUDAR—A form of address akin to “Your Majesty” or “Sovereign.”
GRAND PRINCE （VELIKIY KNYAZ）—The title of a ruler of a major principality, for example Moscow, Tver, or Smolensk, in medieval Russia. The title tsar did not come into use until Ivan the Terrible was crowned in 1547. Velikiy Knyaz is also often translated as Grand Duke.
GREAT KHAN—Genghis Khan. His descendants, in the form of the Golden Horde, ruled Russia for two hundred years.
HEGUMEN—The head of an Orthodox monastery, equivalent to an abbot in the Western tradition.
ICONOSTASIS （ICON-SCREEN）—A wall of icons with a specific layout that separates the nave from the sanctuary in an Eastern Orthodox church.
IZBA—A peasant’s house, small and made of wood, often with carved embellishments. The plural is izby.
KOKOSHNIK—A Russian headdress. There are many styles of kokoshniki, depending on the locale and the era. Generally the word refers to the closed headdress worn by married women, though maidens also wore headdresses, open in back, or sometimes just headbands, that revealed their hair. The wearing of kokoshniki was limited to the nobility. The more common form of head covering for a medieval Russian woman was a headscarf or kerchief.
KREMLIN—A fortified complex at the center of a Russian city. Although modern English usage has adopted the word kremlin to refer solely to the most famous example, the Moscow Kremlin, there are actually kremlins to be found in most historic Russian cities. Originally, all of Moscow lay within its kremlin proper; over time, the city spread beyond its walls.
KUPAVNA—An actual fourteenth-century Russian town, located about fourteen miles east of Moscow. Today it forms part of the greater Moscow metropolitan area.
KVAS—A fermented beverage made from rye bread.
LESNAYA ZEMLYA—Literally, “Land of the Forest.” Vasya, Sasha, and Olga’s home village, the location for much of the action of The Bear and the Nightingale, referenced multiple times in The Girl in the Tower.
LITTLE BROTHER—English rendering of the Russian endearment bratishka. Can be applied to both older and younger siblings.
LITTLE SISTER—English rendering of the Russian endearment sestryonka. Can be applied to both older and younger siblings.
MASLENITSA—Derived from the Russian word maslo, butter, Maslenitsa was originally a pagan feast to mark the end of winter, but eventually it was adopted into the Orthodox calendar as the great feast before the beginning of Lent （roughly equivalent to Carnival in the West）。 All animal products in the house were eaten before the feast began, and during the holiday, people baked round cakes （symbolizing the newborn sun） with the last of their butter and oil. Modern-day Maslenitsa lasts a week. In The Girl in the Tower, the festival lasts three days. The last day of Maslenitsa is called the Day of Forgiveness. Traditionally, if you go on that day to someone you have wronged and beg forgiveness, that person has to grant it.